feat(android): native receiver app (Kotlin, minSdk 30)

Phone-as-receiver for the USB-C -> HDMI mirroring use case. Speaks the existing signaling + RTP wire protocol, so the C++ sender needs no changes. AGP 9 built-in Kotlin (no separate plugin), no androidx. - rtp/: RtpHeader, RtpPacket, JitterBuffer (16 pkt / 60 ms, straggler discard), H264Depacketizer (single-NAL + FU-A, Annex-B out) — JVM tests - signaling/: newline-JSON server (offer -> answer, PLI, 500 ms rate cap) - decode/H264Decoder: MediaCodec -> Surface; size from in-band SPS (offer is 0x0); surface passed to configure(); releaseOutputBuffer(render) - pipeline/ReceiverPipeline: NSD advertise (API-36 RegistrationListener + reflection fallback), UDP RTP, jitter, decode, PLI recovery - ReceiverActivity: fullscreen TextureView letterboxed by sizing the view to the video aspect (C2 scales output to the surface) Validated end-to-end on a Fairphone 6 (API 36): offer/answer, first frame, letterbox fit, PLI on loss.
2026-09-10 11:31:13 +02:00
parent 69a1cdac1d
commit 455ba6055d
25 changed files with 1635 additions and 0 deletions
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+.gradle/
+.kotlin/
+build/
+local.properties
+.idea/
+captures/
+.cxx/
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+plugins {
+    id("com.android.application")
+}
+
+android {
+    namespace = "screen_cast"
+    compileSdk = 36
+
+    defaultConfig {
+        applicationId = "screen_cast.receiver"
+        minSdk = 30
+        targetSdk = 36
+        versionCode = 1
+        versionName = "0.1.0"
+    }
+
+    // No release signing configured: the app is sideloaded as a debug build.
+    buildTypes {
+        release {
+            isMinifyEnabled = false
+        }
+    }
+
+    compileOptions {
+        sourceCompatibility = JavaVersion.VERSION_17
+        targetCompatibility = JavaVersion.VERSION_17
+    }
+}
+
+dependencies {
+    testImplementation("junit:junit:4.13.2")
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
+
+    <!-- NsdService and all socket I/O require INTERNET. No other permissions:
+         no camera, no location, no network state. The screen is kept on, which
+         keeps Wi-Fi up. -->
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET" />
+
+    <application
+        android:label="screencast"
+        android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"
+        android:allowBackup="false"
+        android:theme="@style/Theme.Screencast">
+
+        <activity
+            android:name=".ReceiverActivity"
+            android:exported="true"
+            android:launchMode="singleTask"
+            android:screenOrientation="sensorLandscape"
+            android:configChanges="orientation|screenSize|screenLayout|smallestScreenSize|keyboard|keyboardHidden|navigation|uiMode|density"
+            android:stateNotNeeded="true">
+            <intent-filter>
+                <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
+                <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
+            </intent-filter>
+        </activity>
+    </application>
+</manifest>
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+package screen_cast
+
+import android.app.Activity
+import android.graphics.SurfaceTexture
+import android.os.Bundle
+import android.os.Handler
+import android.os.Looper
+import android.view.Surface
+import android.view.TextureView
+import android.view.View
+import android.view.WindowManager
+import android.widget.TextView
+import java.net.Inet4Address
+import java.net.NetworkInterface
+import kotlin.math.min
+import screen_cast.pipeline.ReceiverPipeline
+
+/**
+ * Fullscreen receiver: a letterboxed TextureView plus a status overlay.
+ * The pipeline lives in the activity lifetime — created on demand, stopped
+ * when the app leaves the foreground, released on destroy.
+ *
+ * For the USB-C → HDMI use case the app only guarantees the screen is on,
+ * undimmed, landscape, and immersive; the display mirroring itself is the
+ * OS behavior of a DisplayPort-alt-mode port.
+ */
+class ReceiverActivity : Activity() {
+    companion object {
+        private const val TAG = "ReceiverActivity"
+    }
+
+    private val ui = Handler(Looper.getMainLooper())
+    private var pipeline: ReceiverPipeline? = null
+
+    private lateinit var videoView: TextureView
+    private lateinit var statusView: TextView
+
+    override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
+        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
+        setContentView(R.layout.activity_receiver)
+        videoView = findViewById(R.id.video)
+        statusView = findViewById(R.id.status)
+        videoView.isOpaque = true
+
+        videoView.surfaceTextureListener = object : TextureView.SurfaceTextureListener {
+            override fun onSurfaceTextureAvailable(surface: SurfaceTexture, width: Int, height: Int) {
+                pipeline?.attachSurface(Surface(surface))
+                fitVideo()
+            }
+
+            override fun onSurfaceTextureSizeChanged(surface: SurfaceTexture, width: Int, height: Int) {
+                fitVideo()
+            }
+
+            override fun onSurfaceTextureDestroyed(surface: SurfaceTexture): Boolean = true
+
+            override fun onSurfaceTextureUpdated(surface: SurfaceTexture) = Unit
+        }
+    }
+
+    override fun onResume() {
+        super.onResume()
+        applyFullscreen()
+        ensurePipeline()
+        pipeline?.start()
+    }
+
+    override fun onPause() {
+        super.onPause()
+        pipeline?.stop()
+    }
+
+    override fun onDestroy() {
+        super.onDestroy()
+        pipeline?.stop()
+        pipeline = null
+    }
+
+    private fun ensurePipeline() {
+        if (pipeline != null) return
+        val pipeline = ReceiverPipeline(
+            context = applicationContext,
+            localIp = localIpv4(),
+            displaySize = {
+                val metrics = resources.displayMetrics
+                metrics.widthPixels to metrics.heightPixels
+            },
+            onStatus = { text -> ui.post { statusView.text = text } },
+            onFirstFrame = { ui.post { statusView.visibility = View.GONE } },
+            onVideoSize = { _, _ -> ui.post { fitVideo() } },
+        )
+        // The surface may already exist by the time the pipeline starts.
+        val surfaceTexture = videoView.surfaceTexture
+        if (surfaceTexture != null) {
+            pipeline.attachSurface(Surface(surfaceTexture))
+        }
+        this.pipeline = pipeline
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Fit-within (letterbox) by sizing the TextureView to the video's aspect
+     * ratio, centered on the black window background. The C2 decoder scales
+     * its output to the Surface (android._video-scaling), so a surface with
+     * the video's aspect ratio renders 1:1 without distortion; a transform
+     * matrix on top would double-scale the already-stretched buffer.
+     */
+    private fun fitVideo() {
+        val (videoWidth, videoHeight) = pipeline?.videoSize() ?: return
+        val parent = videoView.parent as? View ?: return
+        val parentWidth = parent.width
+        val parentHeight = parent.height
+        if (videoWidth <= 0 || videoHeight <= 0 || parentWidth <= 0 || parentHeight <= 0) return
+
+        val scale = min(parentWidth.toFloat() / videoWidth, parentHeight.toFloat() / videoHeight)
+        val width = (videoWidth * scale).toInt()
+        val height = (videoHeight * scale).toInt()
+        val params = videoView.layoutParams
+        if (params.width == width && params.height == height) return
+        params.width = width
+        params.height = height
+        if (params is android.widget.FrameLayout.LayoutParams) {
+            params.gravity = android.view.Gravity.CENTER
+        }
+        videoView.layoutParams = params
+        android.util.Log.i(TAG, "fitVideo: ${width}x$height in ${parentWidth}x$parentHeight")
+    }
+
+    private fun applyFullscreen() {
+        window.addFlags(WindowManager.LayoutParams.FLAG_KEEP_SCREEN_ON)
+        val controller = window.insetsController ?: return
+        controller.systemBarsBehavior = android.view.WindowInsetsController.BEHAVIOR_SHOW_TRANSIENT_BARS_BY_SWIPE
+        controller.hide(
+            android.view.WindowInsets.Type.statusBars() or android.view.WindowInsets.Type.navigationBars(),
+        )
+    }
+
+    private fun localIpv4(): String {
+        return try {
+            val interfaces = NetworkInterface.getNetworkInterfaces() ?: return "unknown"
+            for (iface in interfaces) {
+                if (!iface.isUp || iface.isLoopback) continue
+                for (address in iface.inetAddresses) {
+                    if (address is Inet4Address && !address.isLoopbackAddress) {
+                        return address.hostAddress ?: "unknown"
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            "unknown"
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            "unknown"
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+package screen_cast.decode
+
+import android.media.MediaCodec
+import android.media.MediaFormat
+import android.view.Surface
+
+/**
+ * MediaCodec H.264 decoder that renders directly onto a Surface (no CPU
+ * pixels). The stream is self-describing: the sender repeats SPS/PPS
+ * in-band at every keyframe, so no out-of-band codec data is needed.
+ */
+class H264Decoder {
+    companion object {
+        // The C++ sender's VBV bounds keyframes to ~2 frame periods of bytes;
+        // 8 MiB is far beyond anything the negotiated rates can produce.
+        private const val MAX_INPUT_SIZE = 8 * 1024 * 1024
+    }
+
+    private var codec: MediaCodec? = null
+    private var configured = false
+    @Volatile
+    private var renderSurface: Surface? = null
+
+    /** Creates and configures the decoder. Width/height of 0 = unknown (the bitstream decides). */
+    @Synchronized
+    fun configure(width: Int, height: Int) {
+        if (configured) return
+        // 0x0 (the sender's offer) means the size is unknown: the Qualcomm
+        // C2 AVC decoder requires a concrete size at configure() and
+        // reconfigures from the in-band SPS of the first keyframe (the
+        // standard adaptive-resolution pattern).
+        val format = if (width > 0 && height > 0) {
+            MediaFormat.createVideoFormat(MediaFormat.MIMETYPE_VIDEO_AVC, width, height)
+        } else {
+            MediaFormat.createVideoFormat(MediaFormat.MIMETYPE_VIDEO_AVC, 320, 240)
+        }
+        format.setInteger(MediaFormat.KEY_MAX_INPUT_SIZE, MAX_INPUT_SIZE)
+        codec = MediaCodec.createDecoderByType(MediaFormat.MIMETYPE_VIDEO_AVC).also { c ->
+            // The surface must be passed to configure(); setOutputSurface()
+            // is only legal before configuration.
+            c.configure(format, renderSurface, null, 0)
+            c.start()
+        }
+        configured = true
+    }
+
+    /** Points the decoder at a (possibly new) render surface. */
+    @Synchronized
+    fun attachSurface(surface: Surface) {
+        renderSurface = surface
+        codec?.setOutputSurface(surface)
+    }
+
+    /** Queues one access unit. [presentationUs] must be monotonic (the RTP timestamp). */
+    fun feed(data: ByteArray, presentationUs: Long, isKeyFrame: Boolean) {
+        val c = codec ?: throw IllegalStateException("decoder not configured")
+        val index = c.dequeueInputBuffer(10_000)
+        if (index < 0) return
+        val buffer = c.getInputBuffer(index) ?: return
+        buffer.clear()
+        buffer.put(data)
+        val flags = if (isKeyFrame) MediaCodec.BUFFER_FLAG_SYNC_FRAME else 0
+        c.queueInputBuffer(index, 0, data.size, presentationUs, flags)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Non-blocking drain of available output frames; in surface mode each
+     * released buffer is rendered to the output surface by the codec.
+     * @throws IllegalStateException when the decoder signals a fatal error;
+     * the caller should flush() and request a keyframe.
+     */
+    fun drain() {
+        val c = codec ?: return
+        val info = MediaCodec.BufferInfo()
+        while (true) {
+            val index = c.dequeueOutputBuffer(info, 0)
+            when {
+                index >= 0 -> {
+                    // releaseOutputBuffer(render=true) is what puts the
+                    // frame on the surface (and frees the pool slot).
+                    c.releaseOutputBuffer(index, renderSurface != null)
+                }
+                index == MediaCodec.INFO_OUTPUT_FORMAT_CHANGED -> {
+                    // The codec parsed the SPS size; outputFormat is ready.
+                    android.util.Log.i(
+                        "H264Decoder", "output format: " +
+                            c.outputFormat.getInteger(MediaFormat.KEY_WIDTH) +
+                            "x" +
+                            c.outputFormat.getInteger(MediaFormat.KEY_HEIGHT)
+                    )
+                }
+                index == MediaCodec.INFO_OUTPUT_BUFFERS_CHANGED -> Unit
+                else -> break // no more frames right now
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Resets decoder state; the next keyframe re-primes it (in-band SPS/PPS). */
+    fun flush() {
+        val c = codec ?: return
+        try {
+            c.flush()
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            // A codec in an error state may refuse the flush; the caller
+            // follows up with a keyframe request either way.
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** The decoded resolution once the first keyframe has configured the codec. */
+    @Synchronized
+    fun outputSize(): Pair<Int, Int>? {
+        val c = codec ?: return null
+        return try {
+            val format = c.outputFormat
+            val width = format.getInteger(MediaFormat.KEY_WIDTH)
+            val height = format.getInteger(MediaFormat.KEY_HEIGHT)
+            if (width > 0 && height > 0) width to height else null
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            null
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Synchronized
+    fun release() {
+        val c = codec ?: return
+        try {
+            c.stop()
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            // ignore
+        }
+        c.release()
+        codec = null
+        configured = false
+        renderSurface = null
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,341 @@
+package screen_cast.pipeline
+
+import android.content.Context
+import android.net.nsd.NsdManager
+import android.net.nsd.NsdServiceInfo
+import android.view.Surface
+import screen_cast.decode.H264Decoder
+import screen_cast.rtp.H264Depacketizer
+import screen_cast.rtp.JitterBuffer
+import screen_cast.rtp.RtpPacket
+import screen_cast.signaling.SessionAnswer
+import screen_cast.signaling.SessionOffer
+import screen_cast.signaling.SessionPli
+import screen_cast.signaling.SignalingServer
+import java.lang.reflect.Proxy
+import java.net.DatagramPacket
+import java.net.DatagramSocket
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress
+import java.net.SocketException
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean
+
+/**
+ * The receiver pipeline, mirroring the C++ ReceiverPipeline:
+ *
+ *   NSD advertise + signaling server (offer → answer)
+ *   UDP RTP → jitter buffer → depacketize → MediaCodec → Surface
+ *
+ * Recovery matches the C++ receiver: a damaged frame is dropped and a PLI
+ * (rate-limited to one per 500 ms) asks the sender for a keyframe.
+ */
+class ReceiverPipeline(
+    private val context: Context,
+    private val localIp: String,
+    private val displaySize: () -> Pair<Int, Int>,
+    private val onStatus: (String) -> Unit,
+    private val onFirstFrame: () -> Unit,
+    private val onVideoSize: (Int, Int) -> Unit,
+) {
+    companion object {
+        private const val TAG = "ReceiverPipeline"
+        private const val SERVICE_NAME = "screencast"
+        private const val SERVICE_TYPE = "_screencast._tcp"
+        private const val DESIRED_UDP_PORT = 5004
+        private const val DESIRED_SIGNALING_PORT = 5005
+        private const val PLI_MIN_INTERVAL_MS = 500L
+    }
+
+    private val nsdManager: NsdManager = context.getSystemService(Context.NSD_SERVICE) as NsdManager
+    private val decoderLock = Any()
+
+    @Volatile private var running = false
+    private var udpSocket: DatagramSocket? = null
+    private var udpPort = 0
+    private var signalingPort = 0
+    private var signaling: SignalingServer? = null
+    private var readerThread: Thread? = null
+    private var nsdInfo: NsdServiceInfo? = null
+    @Volatile private var registrationListener: NsdManager.RegistrationListener? = null
+    @Volatile private var legacyNsdListener: Any? = null
+
+    @Volatile private var decoder: H264Decoder? = null
+    @Volatile private var depacketizer = H264Depacketizer()
+    private val jitter = JitterBuffer()
+    @Volatile private var currentSurface: Surface? = null
+    @Volatile private var activeSession = ""
+    private val firstFrameSeen = AtomicBoolean(false)
+    private var lastPliAtMs = 0L
+    @Volatile private var videoWidth = 0
+    @Volatile private var videoHeight = 0
+
+    /** The current decoded resolution (0, 0 until the first keyframe). */
+    fun videoSize(): Pair<Int, Int> = videoWidth to videoHeight
+
+    /** Binds the ports, advertises the service, and starts reading RTP. */
+    @Synchronized
+    fun start() {
+        if (running) return
+
+        try {
+            // Plain DatagramSocket: consistent semantics across platforms
+            // (Android's DatagramChannel.receive() returns a SocketAddress,
+            // not the byte count). Port 5004 when free; otherwise ephemeral.
+            val socket = try {
+                DatagramSocket(InetSocketAddress(DESIRED_UDP_PORT))
+            } catch (e: Exception) {
+                DatagramSocket()
+            }
+            udpPort = socket.localPort
+            udpSocket = socket
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            onStatus("Failed to bind the media port: ${e.message}")
+            return
+        }
+
+        val server = SignalingServer(
+            onOffer = { offer -> onOffer(offer) },
+            onPli = { /* the receiver never receives PLIs */ },
+        )
+        try {
+            signalingPort = server.start(DESIRED_SIGNALING_PORT)
+            signaling = server
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            onStatus("Failed to start signaling: ${e.message}")
+            try {
+                udpSocket?.close()
+            } catch (ignored: Exception) {
+            }
+            return
+        }
+
+        running = true
+        readerThread = Thread({ readLoop() }, "rtp-reader").also { it.start() }
+        advertiseNsd(signalingPort)
+        onStatus(
+            "Listening on $localIp (media :$udpPort, signaling :$signalingPort)\n" +
+                "Waiting for a sender… (fall back to: screencast --send --peer $localIp:$signalingPort)",
+        )
+    }
+
+    /** Points the decoder (current or future) at a render surface. */
+    fun attachSurface(surface: Surface) {
+        currentSurface = surface
+        synchronized(decoderLock) { decoder?.attachSurface(surface) }
+    }
+
+    /** Stops listening; the pipeline can be started again. */
+    @Synchronized
+    fun stop() {
+        if (!running) return
+        running = false
+        activeSession = ""
+        try {
+            udpSocket?.close() // unblocks the reader's receive()
+        } catch (ignored: Exception) {
+        }
+        udpSocket = null
+        readerThread?.join(1000)
+        readerThread = null
+        signaling?.close()
+        signaling = null
+        unregisterNsd()
+        synchronized(decoderLock) {
+            decoder?.release()
+            decoder = null
+        }
+        firstFrameSeen.set(false)
+        onStatus("Stopped")
+    }
+
+    private fun onOffer(offer: SessionOffer) {
+        if (offer.codec != "h264") {
+            onStatus("Unsupported codec: ${offer.codec}")
+            return
+        }
+        // The offer's width/height are informational (the C++ sender leaves
+        // them 0); the bitstream carries SPS/PPS at every keyframe.
+        val fresh = H264Decoder()
+        val surface = currentSurface
+        var ok = true
+        synchronized(decoderLock) {
+            decoder?.release()
+            try {
+                // Surface first: configure() needs it before the codec starts.
+                surface?.let { fresh.attachSurface(it) }
+                fresh.configure(offer.width, offer.height)
+                decoder = fresh
+            } catch (e: Exception) {
+                ok = false
+                decoder = null
+            }
+        }
+        if (!ok) {
+            fresh.release()
+            onStatus("Could not start the decoder")
+            return
+        }
+        // New session: pristine reassembly state.
+        depacketizer = H264Depacketizer()
+        jitter.clear()
+        firstFrameSeen.set(false)
+        videoWidth = 0
+        videoHeight = 0
+        activeSession = offer.sessionId
+        android.util.Log.i(TAG, "offer: session=${offer.sessionId} ${offer.width}x${offer.height} @${offer.frameRateNum}/${offer.frameRateDen}")
+
+        val (displayWidth, displayHeight) = displaySize()
+        signaling?.send(
+            SessionAnswer(
+                sessionId = offer.sessionId,
+                rtpAddress = "", // the sender targets the address of its own signaling connection
+                rtpPort = udpPort,
+                displayWidth = displayWidth,
+                displayHeight = displayHeight,
+            ),
+        )
+        onStatus("Session ${offer.sessionId} negotiated — waiting for the first frame…")
+    }
+
+    private fun readLoop() {
+        val socket = udpSocket ?: return
+        val buffer = ByteArray(2048) // MTU 1200 + headroom
+        val datagram = DatagramPacket(buffer, buffer.size)
+        while (running) {
+            try {
+                socket.receive(datagram)
+            } catch (e: SocketException) {
+                break // socket closed
+            } catch (e: Exception) {
+                continue
+            }
+            val received = datagram.length
+            if (received <= 0) continue
+
+            val bytes = if (received == buffer.size) buffer.copyOf() else buffer.copyOf(received)
+            val packet = RtpPacket.parse(bytes) ?: continue
+            for (released in jitter.push(packet)) {
+                handleDepacketized(released)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun handleDepacketized(packet: RtpPacket) {
+        val result = depacketizer.depacketize(packet)
+
+        val accessUnit = result.accessUnit
+        if (accessUnit != null) {
+            val activeDecoder = synchronized(decoderLock) { decoder }
+            if (activeDecoder == null) return
+            try {
+                val presentationUs = packet.header.timestamp.toLong() and 0xFFFFFFFFL
+                activeDecoder.feed(accessUnit, presentationUs, result.isKeyFrame)
+                activeDecoder.drain()
+                if (firstFrameSeen.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
+                    onFirstFrame()
+                }
+                updateVideoSize()
+            } catch (e: Exception) {
+                onStatus("Decoder error (${e.message}) — requesting a keyframe…")
+                activeDecoder.flush()
+                requestPli()
+            }
+        }
+        if (result.frameDropped) {
+            requestPli()
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun updateVideoSize() {
+        val size = synchronized(decoderLock) { decoder?.outputSize() } ?: return
+        if (size != null && (size.first != videoWidth || size.second != videoHeight)) {
+            videoWidth = size.first
+            videoHeight = size.second
+            android.util.Log.i(TAG, "video size: ${size.first}x${size.second}")
+            onVideoSize(size.first, size.second)
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Rate-limited keyframe request (single-threaded access from the reader).
+    private fun requestPli() {
+        val session = activeSession
+        if (session.isEmpty()) return
+        val now = System.currentTimeMillis()
+        if (now - lastPliAtMs < PLI_MIN_INTERVAL_MS) return
+        lastPliAtMs = now
+        android.util.Log.i(TAG, "PLI requested for session $session")
+        signaling?.send(screen_cast.signaling.SessionPli(session))
+    }
+
+    private fun advertiseNsd(port: Int) {
+        val info = NsdServiceInfo().apply {
+            setServiceName(SERVICE_NAME)
+            setServiceType(SERVICE_TYPE)
+            setPort(port)
+        }
+        nsdInfo = info
+        // The NSD registration API was replaced in API 36 (ResolutionListener
+        // removed). Try the new API first, then the legacy one via reflection
+        // so the same build works on both.
+        try {
+            val listener = object : NsdManager.RegistrationListener {
+                override fun onServiceRegistered(serviceInfo: NsdServiceInfo) {
+                    // Registered: the sender's mDNS browser should see it now.
+                }
+
+                override fun onServiceUnregistered(serviceInfo: NsdServiceInfo) = Unit
+
+                override fun onRegistrationFailed(serviceInfo: NsdServiceInfo, errorCode: Int) {
+                    onStatus("mDNS registration failed — reach this receiver with --peer $localIp:$port")
+                }
+
+                override fun onUnregistrationFailed(serviceInfo: NsdServiceInfo, errorCode: Int) = Unit
+            }
+            registrationListener = listener
+            nsdManager.registerService(info, 0, listener)
+        } catch (e: Throwable) {
+            try {
+                registerNsdLegacy(info, port)
+            } catch (e2: Throwable) {
+                onStatus("mDNS unavailable (${e2.message}) — reach this receiver with --peer $localIp:$port")
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Pre-API-36 registration API (removed from the API 36 SDK; reflection). */
+    private fun registerNsdLegacy(info: NsdServiceInfo, port: Int) {
+        val listenerClass = Class.forName("android.net.nsd.NsdManager\$ResolutionListener")
+        val proxy = Proxy.newProxyInstance(
+            listenerClass.classLoader,
+            arrayOf(listenerClass),
+        ) { _, method, _ ->
+            if (method.name == "onResolutionFailed") {
+                onStatus("mDNS registration failed — reach this receiver with --peer $localIp:$port")
+            }
+            null
+        }
+        legacyNsdListener = proxy
+        NsdManager::class.java
+            .getMethod("registerService", NsdServiceInfo::class.java, Int::class.javaPrimitiveType, listenerClass)
+            .invoke(nsdManager, info, 0, proxy)
+    }
+
+    private fun unregisterNsd() {
+        val newListener = registrationListener
+        val legacyListener = legacyNsdListener
+        val info = nsdInfo
+        try {
+            when {
+                newListener != null -> nsdManager.unregisterService(newListener)
+                legacyListener != null && info != null -> NsdManager::class.java
+                    .getMethod("unregisterService", NsdServiceInfo::class.java)
+                    .invoke(nsdManager, info)
+                else -> return
+            }
+        } catch (ignored: Throwable) {
+            // already unregistered
+        }
+        registrationListener = null
+        legacyNsdListener = null
+        nsdInfo = null
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+package screen_cast.rtp
+
+/** Result of feeding one packet to the depacketizer. */
+data class DepacketizeResult(
+    /** Completed access unit (Annex-B with 3-byte start codes) when the frame closed undamaged. */
+    val accessUnit: ByteArray? = null,
+    /** True when this call discarded a frame as damaged (packet loss or unsupported packetization). */
+    val frameDropped: Boolean = false,
+    /** True when the completed access unit carries SPS/PPS (a keyframe). */
+    val isKeyFrame: Boolean = false,
+)
+
+/**
+ * Reassembles RFC 6184 packet streams (single NAL unit packets and FU-A)
+ * into Annex-B access units. Packets must arrive in order; frames damaged
+ * by sequence gaps or missing fragments are reported via DepacketizeResult.
+ *
+ * Mirrors the C++ `H264Depacketizer` (same state machine and start codes).
+ */
+class H264Depacketizer {
+    companion object {
+        private const val FU_A = 28
+    }
+
+    private var lastSequenceNumber: Int? = null
+    private var frameStarted = false
+    private var frameDamaged = false
+    private var frameTimestamp = 0
+    private val accessUnit = ArrayList<Int>()
+    private var fuActive = false
+    private val fuNal = ArrayList<Int>()
+
+    /** Feed one packet (in sequence order, from the jitter buffer). */
+    fun depacketize(packet: RtpPacket): DepacketizeResult {
+        var result = DepacketizeResult()
+
+        // Track sequence continuity: a gap means packets were lost.
+        lastSequenceNumber?.let { last ->
+            val expected = (last + 1) and 0xFFFF
+            if (packet.header.sequenceNumber != expected) {
+                fuActive = false
+                fuNal.clear()
+                if (frameStarted) {
+                    frameDamaged = true
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        lastSequenceNumber = packet.header.sequenceNumber
+
+        // A timestamp change without a closing marker means the previous frame
+        // lost its tail and can no longer be recovered.
+        if (frameStarted && packet.header.timestamp != frameTimestamp) {
+            dropFrame()
+            result = result.copy(frameDropped = true)
+        }
+        if (!frameStarted) {
+            frameStarted = true
+            frameDamaged = false
+            frameTimestamp = packet.header.timestamp
+            accessUnit.clear()
+        }
+
+        val payload = packet.payload
+        if (payload.isNotEmpty()) {
+            val type = payload[0].toInt() and 0x1F
+            when {
+                type in 1..23 -> {
+                    // Single NAL unit packet.
+                    if (fuActive) {
+                        // The previous fragmented NAL never received its end packet.
+                        frameDamaged = true
+                        fuActive = false
+                        fuNal.clear()
+                    }
+                    appendStartCode()
+                    payload.forEach { accessUnit.add(it.toInt() and 0xFF) }
+                }
+
+                type == FU_A -> {
+                    if (payload.size < 2) {
+                        frameDamaged = true
+                    } else {
+                        val fuHeader = payload[1].toInt() and 0xFF
+                        val start = fuHeader and 0x80 != 0
+                        val end = fuHeader and 0x40 != 0
+                        val fragment = payload.copyOfRange(2, payload.size)
+                        when {
+                            start -> {
+                                if (fuActive) {
+                                    // The previous fragmented NAL lost its end packet.
+                                    frameDamaged = true
+                                }
+                                fuActive = true
+                                fuNal.clear()
+                                // The FU indicator keeps the original NAL's F bit (0) and NRI,
+                                // and declares type 28; the FU header carries S/E plus the real type.
+                                fuNal.add((payload[0].toInt() and 0xE0) or (fuHeader and 0x1F))
+                                fragment.forEach { fuNal.add(it.toInt() and 0xFF) }
+                            }
+
+                            !fuActive -> {
+                                // Continuation without a start: the head of the NAL is lost.
+                                frameDamaged = true
+                            }
+
+                            else -> {
+                                fragment.forEach { fuNal.add(it.toInt() and 0xFF) }
+                                if (end) {
+                                    appendStartCode()
+                                    accessUnit.addAll(fuNal)
+                                    fuActive = false
+                                    fuNal.clear()
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                else -> {
+                    // Unsupported packetization mode (STAP-A, MTAP, FU-B): the frame
+                    // cannot be reconstructed.
+                    frameDamaged = true
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (!packet.header.marker) {
+            return result
+        }
+
+        if (fuActive) {
+            // The marker arrived while a NAL was still fragmented.
+            frameDamaged = true
+            fuActive = false
+            fuNal.clear()
+        }
+
+        if (!frameDamaged && accessUnit.isNotEmpty()) {
+            val unit = ByteArray(accessUnit.size) { accessUnit[it].toByte() }
+            result = result.copy(accessUnit = unit, isKeyFrame = containsParameterSets(unit))
+        } else {
+            // The frame that just ended is unusable.
+            result = result.copy(frameDropped = true)
+        }
+        dropFrame()
+        return result
+    }
+
+    private fun appendStartCode() {
+        accessUnit.add(0)
+        accessUnit.add(0)
+        accessUnit.add(1)
+    }
+
+    /** The sender repeats SPS/PPS in-band at every keyframe; sniff for NAL types 7/8. */
+    private fun containsParameterSets(unit: ByteArray): Boolean {
+        for (i in 0..unit.size - 4) {
+            if (unit[i] == 0.toByte() && unit[i + 1] == 0.toByte() && unit[i + 2] == 1.toByte()) {
+                val nalType = unit[i + 3].toInt() and 0x1F
+                if (nalType == 7 || nalType == 8) {
+                    return true
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return false
+    }
+
+    private fun dropFrame() {
+        frameStarted = false
+        frameDamaged = false
+        accessUnit.clear()
+        fuActive = false
+        fuNal.clear()
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+package screen_cast.rtp
+
+import java.util.TreeMap
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit
+
+/**
+ * Reorders RTP packets by sequence number before depacketization so that a
+ * reordering link (Wi-Fi) is not read as loss. Delivery stays in order;
+ * only aged-out or overflowing buffers release out of order, which the
+ * downstream gap detection still handles for genuine loss.
+ *
+ * Mirrors the C++ `RtpJitterBuffer` (same defaults and semantics).
+ */
+class JitterBuffer(
+    private val maxDepth: Int = 16,
+    private val maxDelayMs: Long = 60,
+) {
+    private class BufferEntry(val timeNanos: Long, val packet: RtpPacket)
+
+    private val lock = Any()
+    private val buffer = TreeMap<Int, BufferEntry>()
+    private var nextExpected: Int? = null
+
+    /** Insert one packet and return the packets now ready for in-order delivery. */
+    fun push(packet: RtpPacket): List<RtpPacket> = synchronized(lock) {
+        val released = ArrayList<RtpPacket>()
+        val sequence = packet.header.sequenceNumber
+        val now = System.nanoTime()
+
+        val expected0 = nextExpected ?: sequence.also { nextExpected = it }
+
+        // Serial-number comparison: a distance >= 32768 means the packet is
+        // older than what we already delivered (duplicate or straggler).
+        val distance = (sequence - expected0 + 65536) % 65536
+        if (distance < 32768) {
+            buffer[sequence] = BufferEntry(now, packet)
+
+            // Release the consecutive run from the expected sequence.
+            var expected = expected0
+            while (true) {
+                val entry = buffer[expected] ?: break
+                released.add(entry.packet)
+                buffer.remove(expected)
+                expected = (expected + 1) and 0xFFFF
+            }
+            nextExpected = expected
+
+            // A missing packet stalls the run: age out the backlog (or bound
+            // the buffer) and release what is there in order, so genuine loss
+            // reaches the depacketizer's gap detection rather than blocking.
+            if (buffer.isNotEmpty()) {
+                val head = buffer.firstEntry().value
+                val headAgeMs = TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS.toMillis(now - head.timeNanos)
+                if (headAgeMs > maxDelayMs || buffer.size > maxDepth) {
+                    released.addAll(buffer.values.map { it.packet })
+                    nextExpected = (buffer.lastKey() + 1) and 0xFFFF
+                    buffer.clear()
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        released
+    }
+
+    /** Discard everything still buffered. */
+    fun clear() {
+        synchronized(lock) {
+            buffer.clear()
+            nextExpected = null
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+package screen_cast.rtp
+
+/** Minimal RTP header (RFC 3550) without extensions. */
+data class RtpHeader(
+    val version: Int = 2,
+    val padding: Boolean = false,
+    val extension: Boolean = false,
+    val csrcCount: Int = 0,
+    val marker: Boolean = false,
+    val payloadType: Int = 96,
+    val sequenceNumber: Int = 0,
+    val timestamp: Int = 0,
+    val ssrc: Int = 0,
+) {
+    /** Serializes the bare 12-byte header; requires a version-2, extension-less header. */
+    fun serialize(): ByteArray {
+        val out = ByteArray(12)
+        out[0] = (((version and 0x0F) shl 6) or (if (padding) 0x20 else 0) or (if (extension) 0x10 else 0) or (csrcCount and 0x0F)).toByte()
+        out[1] = ((if (marker) 0x80 else 0) or (payloadType and 0x7F)).toByte()
+        out[2] = (sequenceNumber ushr 8).toByte()
+        out[3] = (sequenceNumber and 0xFF).toByte()
+        out[4] = (timestamp ushr 24).toByte()
+        out[5] = (timestamp ushr 16).toByte()
+        out[6] = (timestamp ushr 8).toByte()
+        out[7] = (timestamp and 0xFF).toByte()
+        out[8] = (ssrc ushr 24).toByte()
+        out[9] = (ssrc ushr 16).toByte()
+        out[10] = (ssrc ushr 8).toByte()
+        out[11] = (ssrc and 0xFF).toByte()
+        return out
+    }
+
+    companion object {
+        fun parse(input: ByteArray): RtpHeader? {
+            if (input.size < 12) return null
+            val b0 = input[0].toInt() and 0xFF
+            val b1 = input[1].toInt() and 0xFF
+            val version = b0 ushr 6
+            if (version != 2) return null
+            return RtpHeader(
+                version = version,
+                padding = b0 and 0x20 != 0,
+                extension = b0 and 0x10 != 0,
+                csrcCount = b0 and 0x0F,
+                marker = b1 and 0x80 != 0,
+                payloadType = b1 and 0x7F,
+                sequenceNumber = ((input[2].toInt() and 0xFF) shl 8) or (input[3].toInt() and 0xFF),
+                timestamp = ((input[4].toInt() and 0xFF) shl 24) or ((input[5].toInt() and 0xFF) shl 16) or
+                    ((input[6].toInt() and 0xFF) shl 8) or (input[7].toInt() and 0xFF),
+                ssrc = ((input[8].toInt() and 0xFF) shl 24) or ((input[9].toInt() and 0xFF) shl 16) or
+                    ((input[10].toInt() and 0xFF) shl 8) or (input[11].toInt() and 0xFF),
+            )
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+package screen_cast.rtp
+
+/** An RTP packet: 12-byte base header (plus optional CSRC/extension) and payload. */
+class RtpPacket(val header: RtpHeader, val payload: ByteArray) {
+    companion object {
+        /**
+         * Parses a full RTP datagram. Honors CSRC lists, one-level extension
+         * headers, and RFC 3550 padding, mirroring the C++ receiver.
+         */
+        fun parse(input: ByteArray): RtpPacket? {
+            if (input.size < 12) return null
+            val header = RtpHeader.parse(input) ?: return null
+
+            var offset = 12 + header.csrcCount * 4
+            if (input.size < offset) return null
+
+            if (header.extension) {
+                if (input.size < offset + 4) return null
+                val extensionWords =
+                    ((input[offset + 2].toInt() and 0xFF) shl 8) or (input[offset + 3].toInt() and 0xFF)
+                offset += 4 + extensionWords * 4
+                if (input.size < offset) return null
+            }
+
+            var payloadSize = input.size - offset
+            if (header.padding) {
+                // RFC 3550: the last byte holds the padding size, including itself.
+                if (payloadSize == 0) return null
+                val paddingSize = input[input.size - 1].toInt() and 0xFF
+                if (paddingSize == 0 || paddingSize > payloadSize) return null
+                payloadSize -= paddingSize
+            }
+            return RtpPacket(header, input.copyOfRange(offset, offset + payloadSize))
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+package screen_cast.signaling
+
+import org.json.JSONObject
+
+// JSON wire format shared with the C++ implementation: one JSON object per
+// newline-terminated TCP line (offer / answer / pli).
+
+data class SessionOffer(
+    val sessionId: String,
+    val codec: String,
+    val width: Int,
+    val height: Int,
+    val frameRateNum: Int,
+    val frameRateDen: Int,
+    val rtpAddress: String,
+    val rtpPort: Int,
+) : SignalingMessage
+
+data class SessionAnswer(
+    val sessionId: String,
+    val rtpAddress: String,
+    val rtpPort: Int,
+    val displayWidth: Int,
+    val displayHeight: Int,
+) : SignalingMessage
+
+data class SessionPli(val sessionId: String) : SignalingMessage
+
+sealed interface SignalingMessage {
+    companion object {
+        private const val MAX_MESSAGE_BYTES = 64 * 1024
+
+        fun parse(line: String): SignalingMessage? {
+            if (line.length > MAX_MESSAGE_BYTES) return null
+            val json = try {
+                JSONObject(line)
+            } catch (e: Exception) {
+                return null
+            }
+            when (val type = json.optString("type")) {
+                "offer" ->
+                    return SessionOffer(
+                        sessionId = json.optString("session_id"),
+                        codec = json.optString("codec"),
+                        width = json.optInt("width"),
+                        height = json.optInt("height"),
+                        frameRateNum = json.optInt("frame_rate_num", 30),
+                        frameRateDen = json.optInt("frame_rate_den", 1),
+                        rtpAddress = json.optString("rtp_address"),
+                        rtpPort = json.optInt("rtp_port"),
+                    )
+
+                "answer" ->
+                    return SessionAnswer(
+                        sessionId = json.optString("session_id"),
+                        rtpAddress = json.optString("rtp_address"),
+                        rtpPort = json.optInt("rtp_port"),
+                        displayWidth = json.optInt("display_width"),
+                        displayHeight = json.optInt("display_height"),
+                    )
+
+                "pli" -> return SessionPli(sessionId = json.optString("session_id"))
+
+                else -> return null
+            }
+        }
+
+        fun serialize(message: SignalingMessage): String {
+            val json = JSONObject()
+            when (message) {
+                is SessionOffer -> {
+                    json.put("type", "offer")
+                    json.put("session_id", message.sessionId)
+                    json.put("codec", message.codec)
+                    json.put("width", message.width)
+                    json.put("height", message.height)
+                    json.put("frame_rate_num", message.frameRateNum)
+                    json.put("frame_rate_den", message.frameRateDen)
+                    json.put("rtp_address", message.rtpAddress)
+                    json.put("rtp_port", message.rtpPort)
+                }
+
+                is SessionAnswer -> {
+                    json.put("type", "answer")
+                    json.put("session_id", message.sessionId)
+                    json.put("rtp_address", message.rtpAddress)
+                    json.put("rtp_port", message.rtpPort)
+                    json.put("display_width", message.displayWidth)
+                    json.put("display_height", message.displayHeight)
+                }
+
+                is SessionPli -> {
+                    json.put("type", "pli")
+                    json.put("session_id", message.sessionId)
+                }
+            }
+            return json.toString() + "\n"
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+package screen_cast.signaling
+
+import java.io.BufferedInputStream
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream
+import java.io.OutputStream
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress
+import java.net.ServerSocket
+import java.net.Socket
+
+/**
+ * Newline-delimited JSON signaling server (the receiver side). Keeps the
+ * most recent connection as its active peer, mirroring the C++ server:
+ * `onOffer` may answer synchronously (the sender blocks on the answer).
+ */
+class SignalingServer(
+    private val onOffer: (SessionOffer) -> Unit,
+    private val onPli: (SessionPli) -> Unit,
+) {
+    private val server = ServerSocket()
+    private val peerLock = Any()
+    private var peerOut: OutputStream? = null
+    private var acceptThread: Thread? = null
+    private var readerThread: Thread? = null
+    @Volatile
+    private var running = false
+
+    /** Binds the port (SO_REUSEADDR) and starts accepting. Returns the bound port. */
+    fun start(port: Int): Int {
+        server.reuseAddress = true
+        server.bind(InetSocketAddress(port))
+        running = true
+        acceptThread = Thread({ acceptLoop() }, "signaling-accept")
+        acceptThread!!.start()
+        return server.localPort
+    }
+
+    fun send(message: SignalingMessage) {
+        val bytes = SignalingMessage.serialize(message).toByteArray(Charsets.UTF_8)
+        synchronized(peerLock) {
+            peerOut?.let { out ->
+                out.write(bytes)
+                out.flush()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fun close() {
+        running = false
+        try {
+            server.close()
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            // already closed
+        }
+        synchronized(peerLock) {
+            try {
+                peerOut?.close()
+            } catch (e: Exception) {
+                // peer already gone
+            }
+            peerOut = null
+        }
+        acceptThread?.join(500)
+        readerThread?.join(500)
+    }
+
+    private fun acceptLoop() {
+        while (running) {
+            val socket = try {
+                server.accept()
+            } catch (e: Exception) {
+                break // listening socket closed
+            }
+            synchronized(peerLock) {
+                try {
+                    peerOut?.close()
+                } catch (e: Exception) {
+                    // previous sender already gone
+                }
+                peerOut = socket.getOutputStream()
+            }
+            readerThread = Thread({ readLoop(socket) }, "signaling-reader").also { it.start() }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun readLoop(socket: Socket) {
+        val input = BufferedInputStream(socket.getInputStream())
+        val line = ByteArrayOutputStream()
+        val chunk = ByteArray(4096)
+        while (running) {
+            val read = try {
+                input.read(chunk)
+            } catch (e: Exception) {
+                break
+            }
+            if (read < 0) break
+            for (i in 0 until read) {
+                val b = chunk[i].toInt() and 0xFF
+                if (b == '\n'.code) {
+                    val text = line.toString(Charsets.UTF_8.name())
+                    line.reset()
+                    if (text.isNotEmpty()) {
+                        dispatch(text)
+                    }
+                } else if (b != '\r'.code) {
+                    if (line.size() < 64 * 1024) {
+                        line.write(b)
+                    } else {
+                        line.reset() // hostile or broken peer: drop the oversized line
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun dispatch(line: String) {
+        val message = SignalingMessage.parse(line) ?: return
+        try {
+            when (message) {
+                is SessionOffer -> onOffer(message)
+                is SessionPli -> onPli(message)
+                is SessionAnswer -> Unit // the receiver never receives answers
+            }
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            // A broken callback must not kill the reader thread.
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<FrameLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
+    android:layout_width="match_parent"
+    android:layout_height="match_parent"
+    android:background="@android:color/black">
+
+    <TextureView
+        android:id="@+id/video"
+        android:layout_width="match_parent"
+        android:layout_height="match_parent" />
+
+    <TextView
+        android:id="@+id/status"
+        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
+        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
+        android:layout_gravity="top|start"
+        android:layout_margin="16dp"
+        android:background="#66000000"
+        android:maxLines="3"
+        android:ellipsize="end"
+        android:paddingHorizontal="12dp"
+        android:paddingVertical="8dp"
+        android:textColor="@android:color/white"
+        android:textSize="13sp"
+        tools:text="Listening… waiting for a sender"
+        xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools" />
+</FrameLayout>
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<resources>
+    <style name="Theme.Screencast" parent="@android:style/Theme.Material.NoActionBar">
+        <item name="android:windowFullscreen">true</item>
+        <item name="android:windowBackground">@android:color/black</item>
+        <item name="android:statusBarColor">@android:color/black</item>
+        <item name="android:navigationBarColor">@android:color/black</item>
+    </style>
+</resources>
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+package screen_cast.rtp
+
+import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
+import org.junit.Assert.assertFalse
+import org.junit.Assert.assertNull
+import org.junit.Assert.assertTrue
+import org.junit.Test
+
+class H264DepacketizerTest {
+    companion object {
+        private val START = byteArrayOf(0x00, 0x00, 0x01)
+
+        private fun packet(seq: Int, ts: Int, payload: ByteArray, marker: Boolean = false) =
+            RtpPacket(
+                RtpHeader(sequenceNumber = seq, timestamp = ts, marker = marker),
+                payload,
+            )
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun single_nal_two_packets() {
+        val depacketizer = H264Depacketizer()
+        // SPS (type 7) then a slice (type 5), closed by the marker.
+        val first = depacketizer.depacketize(packet(1, 100, byteArrayOf(0x67, 0xAA.toByte(), 0xBB.toByte())))
+        assertNull(first.accessUnit)
+        val second = depacketizer.depacketize(packet(2, 100, byteArrayOf(0x41, 0x01, 0x02), marker = true))
+        assertTrue(
+            second.accessUnit
+                ?.contentEquals(START + byteArrayOf(0x67, 0xAA.toByte(), 0xBB.toByte()) + START + byteArrayOf(0x41, 0x01, 0x02)) == true,
+        )
+        assertTrue(second.isKeyFrame)
+        assertFalse(second.frameDropped)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun fu_a_reassembly() {
+        val depacketizer = H264Depacketizer()
+        // NAL: header 0x41 (type 1, NRI 2) + payload 0x11 0x22 0x33 0x44.
+        // FU indicator = (0x41 & 0xE0) | 28 = 0x5C; the depacketizer rebuilds
+        // the NAL header from indicator-NRI | FU-type, so the FU header must
+        // carry the original type (1).
+        val indicator = 0x5C.toByte()
+        val start = packet(1, 100, byteArrayOf(indicator, 0x81.toByte(), 0x11))
+        val mid = packet(2, 100, byteArrayOf(indicator, 0x01, 0x22))
+        val last = packet(3, 100, byteArrayOf(indicator, 0x41, 0x33, 0x44), marker = true)
+
+        assertNull(depacketizer.depacketize(start).accessUnit)
+        assertNull(depacketizer.depacketize(mid).accessUnit)
+        val done = depacketizer.depacketize(last)
+        assertTrue(done.accessUnit?.contentEquals(START + byteArrayOf(0x41, 0x11, 0x22, 0x33, 0x44)) == true)
+        assertFalse(done.frameDropped)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun drops_gapped_frames() {
+        val depacketizer = H264Depacketizer()
+        val first = depacketizer.depacketize(packet(1, 100, byteArrayOf(0x41, 0x01)))
+        assertNull(first.accessUnit)
+        // seq 2 is missing; the frame must be reported dropped, not delivered.
+        val tail = depacketizer.depacketize(packet(3, 100, byteArrayOf(0x41, 0x02), marker = true))
+        assertNull(tail.accessUnit)
+        assertTrue(tail.frameDropped)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun separate_frames_by_marker() {
+        val depacketizer = H264Depacketizer()
+        val au1 = depacketizer.depacketize(packet(1, 100, byteArrayOf(0x41, 0xAA.toByte()), marker = true))
+        assertTrue(au1.accessUnit?.contentEquals(START + byteArrayOf(0x41, 0xAA.toByte())) == true)
+        val au2 = depacketizer.depacketize(packet(2, 200, byteArrayOf(0x41, 0xBB.toByte()), marker = true))
+        assertTrue(au2.accessUnit?.contentEquals(START + byteArrayOf(0x41, 0xBB.toByte())) == true)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun drops_fu_without_start() {
+        val depacketizer = H264Depacketizer()
+        // Continuation (no S bit) without any start packet.
+        val result = depacketizer.depacketize(packet(1, 100, byteArrayOf(0x7C.toByte(), 0x41.toByte(), 0x11), marker = true))
+        assertNull(result.accessUnit)
+        assertTrue(result.frameDropped)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun drops_still_fragmented_at_marker() {
+        val depacketizer = H264Depacketizer()
+        val start = depacketizer.depacketize(packet(1, 100, byteArrayOf(0x7C.toByte(), 0x81.toByte(), 0x11)))
+        assertNull(start.accessUnit)
+        // Marker arrives while the FU-A NAL is still open.
+        val result = depacketizer.depacketize(packet(2, 100, byteArrayOf(0x41, 0x01), marker = true))
+        assertNull(result.accessUnit)
+        assertTrue(result.frameDropped)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun drops_unsupported_packetization() {
+        val depacketizer = H264Depacketizer()
+        val stapA = 24.toByte() // STAP-A
+        val result = depacketizer.depacketize(
+            packet(1, 100, byteArrayOf(stapA, 0x00, 0x05, 0x41, 0x01), marker = true),
+        )
+        assertNull(result.accessUnit)
+        assertTrue(result.frameDropped)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun drops_timestamp_change_without_marker() {
+        val depacketizer = H264Depacketizer()
+        val first = depacketizer.depacketize(packet(1, 100, byteArrayOf(0x41, 0x01)))
+        assertNull(first.accessUnit)
+        // The stale frame is reported dropped, but this packet starts (and
+        // closes) the next frame — matching the C++ depacketizer.
+        val result = depacketizer.depacketize(packet(2, 200, byteArrayOf(0x41, 0x02), marker = true))
+        assertTrue(result.accessUnit?.contentEquals(START + byteArrayOf(0x41, 0x02)) == true)
+        assertTrue(result.frameDropped)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun keyframe_detection_requires_parameter_sets() {
+        val depacketizer = H264Depacketizer()
+        val plain = depacketizer.depacketize(packet(1, 100, byteArrayOf(0x41, 0x01), marker = true))
+        assertFalse(plain.isKeyFrame)
+
+        val depacketizer2 = H264Depacketizer()
+        val withSps = depacketizer2.depacketize(
+            packet(1, 100, byteArrayOf(0x67, 0xAA.toByte(), 0x88.toByte(), 0x68, 0xBB.toByte(), 0x41, 0x01), marker = true),
+        )
+        assertTrue(withSps.isKeyFrame)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun drops_short_fu_packets() {
+        val depacketizer = H264Depacketizer()
+        // FU-A packet without its FU header byte.
+        val result = depacketizer.depacketize(packet(1, 100, byteArrayOf(0x7C.toByte()), marker = true))
+        assertNull(result.accessUnit)
+        assertTrue(result.frameDropped)
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+package screen_cast.rtp
+
+import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
+import org.junit.Assert.assertTrue
+import org.junit.Test
+
+class JitterBufferTest {
+    private fun packet(seq: Int, ts: Int = 100) =
+        RtpPacket(RtpHeader(sequenceNumber = seq, timestamp = ts), byteArrayOf(seq.toByte()))
+
+    @Test
+    fun in_order_releases_immediately() {
+        val jitter = JitterBuffer()
+        assertEquals(listOf(1), jitter.push(packet(1)).map { it.header.sequenceNumber })
+        assertEquals(listOf(2), jitter.push(packet(2)).map { it.header.sequenceNumber })
+        assertEquals(listOf(3), jitter.push(packet(3)).map { it.header.sequenceNumber })
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun reorders_out_of_order_packets() {
+        val jitter = JitterBuffer()
+        assertEquals(listOf(1), jitter.push(packet(1)).map { it.header.sequenceNumber })
+        assertTrue(jitter.push(packet(3)).isEmpty())
+        val released = jitter.push(packet(2)).map { it.header.sequenceNumber }
+        assertEquals(listOf(2, 3), released)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun overflow_releases_in_order_and_advances() {
+        val jitter = JitterBuffer(maxDepth = 4)
+        assertTrue(jitter.push(packet(1)).map { it.header.sequenceNumber } == listOf(1))
+        // seq 2 is lost; 3..6 stay buffered (within the depth bound).
+        for (seq in 3..6) {
+            assertTrue(jitter.push(packet(seq)).isEmpty())
+        }
+        // seq 7 overflows the buffer: 3..7 flush in order.
+        assertEquals(listOf(3, 4, 5, 6, 7), jitter.push(packet(7)).map { it.header.sequenceNumber })
+        // Delivery continues in order afterwards.
+        assertEquals(listOf(8), jitter.push(packet(8)).map { it.header.sequenceNumber })
+        assertEquals(listOf(9), jitter.push(packet(9)).map { it.header.sequenceNumber })
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun discards_stragglers() {
+        val jitter = JitterBuffer(maxDepth = 4)
+        jitter.push(packet(1))
+        for (seq in 3..8) {
+            jitter.push(packet(seq))
+        }
+        assertTrue(jitter.push(packet(9)).isNotEmpty())
+        // seq 4 is now far behind the expected sequence: discarded, not delivered.
+        assertTrue(jitter.push(packet(4)).isEmpty())
+        // In-order delivery continues from 10.
+        assertEquals(listOf(10), jitter.push(packet(10)).map { it.header.sequenceNumber })
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun clear_resets_state() {
+        val jitter = JitterBuffer()
+        jitter.push(packet(5))
+        jitter.clear()
+        // A completely different sequence now starts fresh.
+        assertEquals(listOf(100), jitter.push(packet(100)).map { it.header.sequenceNumber })
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+package screen_cast.rtp
+
+import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
+import org.junit.Assert.assertFalse
+import org.junit.Assert.assertNull
+import org.junit.Assert.assertTrue
+import org.junit.Test
+
+class RtpHeaderTest {
+    @Test
+    fun roundtrip() {
+        val header = RtpHeader(
+            version = 2,
+            padding = false,
+            extension = false,
+            csrcCount = 0,
+            marker = true,
+            payloadType = 96,
+            sequenceNumber = 0xABCD,
+            timestamp = 0xDEADBEEF.toInt(),
+            ssrc = 0x12345678,
+        )
+        val wire = header.serialize()
+        assertEquals(12, wire.size)
+        val parsed = RtpHeader.parse(wire)
+        assertEquals(header, parsed)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun rejects_bad_version() {
+        val wire = RtpHeader().serialize().copyOf()
+        wire[0] = (wire[0].toInt() and 0x3F or (1 shl 6)).toByte()
+        assertNull(RtpHeader.parse(wire))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun rejects_short_input() {
+        val header = RtpHeader()
+        assertNull(RtpHeader.parse(header.serialize().copyOfRange(0, 11)))
+        assertNull(RtpHeader.parse(ByteArray(0)))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun preserves_flags() {
+        val header = RtpHeader(padding = true, csrcCount = 2, marker = true, payloadType = 63)
+        val parsed = RtpHeader.parse(header.serialize())
+        assertEquals(true, parsed?.padding)
+        assertEquals(2, parsed?.csrcCount)
+        assertEquals(true, parsed?.marker)
+        assertEquals(63, parsed?.payloadType)
+    }
+}
+
+class RtpPacketTest {
+    private fun header(seq: Int, marker: Boolean = false) =
+        RtpHeader(sequenceNumber = seq, payloadType = 96, marker = marker)
+
+    @Test
+    fun roundtrip_with_payload() {
+        val packet = RtpPacket(header(seq = 7), byteArrayOf(0x11, 0x22, 0x33))
+        val wire = packet.header.serialize() + packet.payload
+        val parsed = RtpPacket.parse(wire)
+        assertEquals(header(seq = 7), parsed?.header)
+        assertTrue(parsed?.payload?.contentEquals(byteArrayOf(0x11, 0x22, 0x33)) == true)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun skips_csrc_list() {
+        val header = RtpHeader(csrcCount = 1, sequenceNumber = 3)
+        val wire = header.serialize() + byteArrayOf(0x0A, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01) + byteArrayOf(0x99.toByte())
+        val parsed = RtpPacket.parse(wire)
+        assertEquals(1, parsed?.header?.csrcCount)
+        assertTrue(parsed?.payload?.contentEquals(byteArrayOf(0x99.toByte())) == true)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun skips_extension_header() {
+        val header = RtpHeader(extension = true, sequenceNumber = 4)
+        // profile=0x0001, length=1 word, one word of data
+        val wire = header.serialize() +
+            byteArrayOf(0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x01, 0xDE.toByte(), 0xAD.toByte(), 0xBE.toByte(), 0xEF.toByte()) +
+            byteArrayOf(0x77)
+        val parsed = RtpPacket.parse(wire)
+        assertTrue(parsed?.payload?.contentEquals(byteArrayOf(0x77)) == true)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun strips_padding() {
+        val header = RtpHeader(padding = true, sequenceNumber = 5)
+        // Payload byte, one padding zero, size byte (2 = padding incl. itself).
+        val wire = header.serialize() + byteArrayOf(0x55, 0x00, 0x02)
+        val parsed = RtpPacket.parse(wire)
+        assertTrue(parsed?.payload?.contentEquals(byteArrayOf(0x55)) == true)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun rejects_truncated_csrc_and_extension() {
+        val csrc = RtpHeader(csrcCount = 1).serialize()
+        assertNull(RtpPacket.parse(csrc)) // 12 bytes, needs 16
+        val ext = RtpHeader(extension = true).serialize() + byteArrayOf(0x00, 0x01)
+        assertNull(RtpPacket.parse(ext)) // extension length field cut off
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun rejects_bad_padding() {
+        val zeroPad = RtpHeader(padding = true).serialize() + byteArrayOf(0x00)
+        assertNull(RtpPacket.parse(zeroPad))
+        val oversized = RtpHeader(padding = true).serialize() + byteArrayOf(0x00, 0x00, 0x05)
+        assertNull(RtpPacket.parse(oversized))
+        assertNull(RtpPacket.parse(ByteArray(11)))
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+plugins {
+    id("com.android.application") version "9.4.0" apply false
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+org.gradle.jvmargs=-Xmx2g -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8
+org.gradle.caching=true
+kotlin.code.style=official
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+pluginManagement {
+    repositories {
+        google()
+        mavenCentral()
+        gradlePluginPortal()
+    }
+}
+
+dependencyResolutionManagement {
+    repositories {
+        google()
+        mavenCentral()
+    }
+}
+
+rootProject.name = "screen_cast-android"
+include(":app")