fix(android): harden the receiver after the review pass

- SignalingServer.send() never throws: a broken signaling connection
  drops the peer instead of killing the RTP reader thread via requestPli()
- H264Decoder: assign the codec before configure/start (no orphaned
  instance on failure); feed() reports input-queue timeouts so the
  pipeline requests a keyframe instead of dropping the frame silently
- Park offers that arrive without a surface as pendingOffer and configure
  on attachSurface(): a codec configured without a surface can never take
  one (setOutputSurface refuses it); the late configure sends a PLI
- Forget destroyed surfaces (onSurfaceTextureDestroyed -> detachSurface)
- Show the status overlay again on later messages
- Accumulate NAL bytes in ByteArrayOutputStreams, not boxed ArrayList<Int>
- Delete the dead NSD reflection fallback (ResolutionListener never
  existed; the classic API is present from API 16 through 36)
- Hold decoderLock around all MediaCodec calls (not thread-safe) and make
  requestPli thread-safe
- Update RUNBOOK quirks (NSD, setOutputSurface) and MEMORY notes

.agents/MEMORY.md

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 # Project Memory — screen_cast
 
 Last updated: Phase 8 (Android receiver app) complete and validated on a
-Fairphone 6; all prior phases done.
+Fairphone 6; all prior phases done. The Android app's review findings were
+fixed in a follow-up pass (same day) — see "Android app review" at the
+bottom of this file.
 
 ## Project state
 
@@ -19,8 +21,11 @@ Fairphone 6; all prior phases done.
   `MediaCodec.configure()` + `start()`; render via
   `releaseOutputBuffer(render=true)`; C2 AVC needs a concrete size at
   configure (in-band SPS reconfigures); `MediaFormat.format()`/
-  `KEY_MIME_TYPE` not public in API 36; NSD `RegistrationListener` replaced
+  `KEY_MIME_TYPE` not public in API 36; NSD: the classic
-  `ResolutionListener` (reflection fallback for older devices);
+  `registerService(info, flags, RegistrationListener)` API exists from API
+  16 through 36 (javap-verified on the android-36 SDK) — an old reflection
+  fallback targeting a never-existent "ResolutionListener" was removed as
+  dead code;
   **`android._video-scaling`: C2 scales output to the Surface** → letterbox
   by sizing the TextureView to the video aspect, NOT a transform matrix
   (double scale). Sender-side: Hyprland + GTK portal's `--target monitor`
@@ -258,4 +263,57 @@ None.
 - `CaptureSession::next_frame()` returns `nullopt` on stream error without
   surfacing the reason (logged to stderr).
 - Receiver ignores unknown packetization modes (STAP-A/MTAP/FU-B); senders
-  we control never emit them, but third-party interop would need support.
+  we control never emit them, but third-party interop would need support.
+
+### Android app review (2026-09-10) — findings FIXED same day
+
+Review pass (25 JVM tests re-run green; rtp/jitter/depacketizer verified
+faithful to the C++ side source-to-source), followed by a fix pass that
+landed all findings. No commit yet (user has not asked).
+
+Fixed:
+
+- `SignalingServer.send()` no longer throws (mirrors the C++ server, which
+  ignores write failures): a broken signaling TCP no longer kills the
+  `rtp-reader` thread via `requestPli()`; `peerOut` is dropped (closing the
+  socket) on write failure.
+- `H264Decoder.configure()` assigns the created codec before configuring,
+  so a configure/start failure can no longer orphan the MediaCodec instance
+  (no finalizer; scarce native slots).
+- Offer-before-surface no longer configures a ByteBuffer-mode decoder: the
+  offer is parked as `pendingOffer` and `attachSurface()` configures later
+  (a surface-less codec can never take one — `setOutputSurface` refuses
+  it, an IllegalStateException crash on the main thread). The late
+  configure sends a PLI (the sender only emits IDRs when asked).
+- `ReceiverActivity.onSurfaceTextureDestroyed` → `pipeline.detachSurface()`;
+  the pipeline/decoder forget dead surfaces instead of configuring against
+  them (frames decode unrendered until the next attach).
+- The status overlay reappears: `onStatus` sets `visibility = VISIBLE`
+  (it used to write into a GONE view after the first frame).
+- `H264Decoder.feed()` returns false on input-queue timeout → the pipeline
+  requests a PLI instead of silently dropping the frame (no flush — the
+  codec is healthy).
+- The depacketizer accumulates into `ByteArrayOutputStream`s instead of
+  boxed `ArrayList<Int>` (was ~MB/s of Integer allocations on keyframes).
+- NSD reflection fallback deleted (dead code — see the quirk note above).
+- Thread-safety: all codec calls now run under `decoderLock` (MediaCodec is
+  not thread-safe; feed/drain previously raced attachSurface);
+  `requestPli()` is thread-safe via `pliLock`.
+
+Validation: `gradle :app:assembleDebug :app:testDebugUnitTest` green
+(25/25, full --rerun-tasks rebuild, only two pre-existing warnings);
+`meson test` 5/5 unchanged (no C++ touched).
+
+Still open (accepted, needs a device or a new test dep):
+
+- Untested on device: `setOutputSurface` mid-session (surface switch) and
+  the whole pendingOffer path; API-35 `detachOutputSurface()` could replace
+  the render-flag approach.
+- No JVM tests for `SignalingMessage`/`SignalingServer` (would need the
+  `org.json:json` test dependency; android.jar stubs throw).
+- Interop caveats by design: 2048-byte datagram buffer (our MTU is 1200),
+  RTP timestamps (90 kHz) fed as µs, unauthenticated offers (SRTP is a
+  future phase).
+- Verified NOT a bug: reusing one `DatagramPacket` without resetting its
+  length — modern JVMs recv by buffer capacity (JDK-21 probe + the
+  successful on-device streaming confirm it).

android/app/src/main/kotlin/screen_cast/ReceiverActivity.kt

@@ -52,7 +52,13 @@ class ReceiverActivity : Activity() {
                 fitVideo()
             }
 
-            override fun onSurfaceTextureDestroyed(surface: SurfaceTexture): Boolean = true
+            override fun onSurfaceTextureDestroyed(surface: SurfaceTexture): Boolean {
+                // The TextureView is about to release this SurfaceTexture; the
+                // pipeline must forget it or a later offer would configure the
+                // decoder against a dead surface.
+                pipeline?.detachSurface()
+                return true
+            }
 
             override fun onSurfaceTextureUpdated(surface: SurfaceTexture) = Unit
         }
@@ -85,7 +91,12 @@ class ReceiverActivity : Activity() {
                 val metrics = resources.displayMetrics
                 metrics.widthPixels to metrics.heightPixels
             },
-            onStatus = { text -> ui.post { statusView.text = text } },
+            onStatus = { text ->
+                ui.post {
+                    statusView.text = text
+                    statusView.visibility = View.VISIBLE
+                }
+            },
             onFirstFrame = { ui.post { statusView.visibility = View.GONE } },
             onVideoSize = { _, _ -> ui.post { fitVideo() } },
         )

android/app/src/main/kotlin/screen_cast/decode/H264Decoder.kt

@@ -35,11 +35,26 @@ class H264Decoder {
             MediaFormat.createVideoFormat(MediaFormat.MIMETYPE_VIDEO_AVC, 320, 240)
         }
         format.setInteger(MediaFormat.KEY_MAX_INPUT_SIZE, MAX_INPUT_SIZE)
-        codec = MediaCodec.createDecoderByType(MediaFormat.MIMETYPE_VIDEO_AVC).also { c ->
+        // Assign before configuring so a configure()/start() failure cannot
-            // The surface must be passed to configure(); setOutputSurface()
+        // orphan the created instance: MediaCodec has no finalizer and each
-            // is only legal before configuration.
+        // unreleased instance holds a scarce native codec slot. The caller
-            c.configure(format, renderSurface, null, 0)
+        // follows an exception with release(), which is a no-op on null.
-            c.start()
+        val created = MediaCodec.createDecoderByType(MediaFormat.MIMETYPE_VIDEO_AVC)
+        codec = created
+        try {
+            // The surface must go into configure(): the codec must start in
+            // surface mode. setOutputSurface() afterwards only switches an
+            // already-surface-mode codec; a codec configured without a
+            // surface can never take one.
+            created.configure(format, renderSurface, null, 0)
+            created.start()
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            codec = null
+            try {
+                created.release()
+            } catch (ignored: Exception) {
+            }
+            throw e
         }
         configured = true
     }
@@ -48,19 +63,39 @@ class H264Decoder {
     @Synchronized
     fun attachSurface(surface: Surface) {
         renderSurface = surface
+        // Legal only in surface mode: setOutputSurface() dynamically switches
+        // an output surface on a codec configured WITH one (per the platform
+        // docs); on a ByteBuffer-mode codec it throws IllegalStateException.
         codec?.setOutputSurface(surface)
     }
 
-    /** Queues one access unit. [presentationUs] must be monotonic (the RTP timestamp). */
+    /**
-    fun feed(data: ByteArray, presentationUs: Long, isKeyFrame: Boolean) {
+     * Forgets a destroyed render surface: frames still decode (returning
+     * their buffers and keeping the queue moving) but are not rendered
+     * until the next [attachSurface]. API 35's detachOutputSurface() is the
+     * codec-side equivalent.
+     */
+    @Synchronized
+    fun detachSurface() {
+        renderSurface = null
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Queues one access unit. [presentationUs] must be monotonic (the RTP timestamp).
+     * @return false when the codec's input queue was full and the frame was
+     *   dropped; the caller should request a keyframe, not flush (the codec
+     *   is healthy, merely busy).
+     */
+    fun feed(data: ByteArray, presentationUs: Long, isKeyFrame: Boolean): Boolean {
         val c = codec ?: throw IllegalStateException("decoder not configured")
         val index = c.dequeueInputBuffer(10_000)
-        if (index < 0) return
+        if (index < 0) return false
-        val buffer = c.getInputBuffer(index) ?: return
+        val buffer = c.getInputBuffer(index) ?: return false
         buffer.clear()
         buffer.put(data)
-        val flags = if (isKeyFrame) MediaCodec.BUFFER_FLAG_SYNC_FRAME else 0
+        val flags = if (isKeyFrame) MediaCodec.BUFFER_FLAG_KEY_FRAME else 0
         c.queueInputBuffer(index, 0, data.size, presentationUs, flags)
+        return true
     }
 
     /**

android/app/src/main/kotlin/screen_cast/pipeline/ReceiverPipeline.kt

@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ import screen_cast.signaling.SessionAnswer
 import screen_cast.signaling.SessionOffer
 import screen_cast.signaling.SessionPli
 import screen_cast.signaling.SignalingServer
-import java.lang.reflect.Proxy
 import java.net.DatagramPacket
 import java.net.DatagramSocket
 import java.net.InetSocketAddress
@@ -54,16 +53,17 @@ class ReceiverPipeline(
     private var signalingPort = 0
     private var signaling: SignalingServer? = null
     private var readerThread: Thread? = null
-    private var nsdInfo: NsdServiceInfo? = null
     @Volatile private var registrationListener: NsdManager.RegistrationListener? = null
-    @Volatile private var legacyNsdListener: Any? = null
 
+    // Guarded by decoderLock: currentSurface, pendingOffer, decoder.
     @Volatile private var decoder: H264Decoder? = null
     @Volatile private var depacketizer = H264Depacketizer()
     private val jitter = JitterBuffer()
-    @Volatile private var currentSurface: Surface? = null
+    private var currentSurface: Surface? = null
+    private var pendingOffer: SessionOffer? = null
     @Volatile private var activeSession = ""
     private val firstFrameSeen = AtomicBoolean(false)
+    private val pliLock = Any()
     private var lastPliAtMs = 0L
     @Volatile private var videoWidth = 0
     @Volatile private var videoHeight = 0
@@ -117,10 +117,60 @@ class ReceiverPipeline(
         )
     }
 
-    /** Points the decoder (current or future) at a render surface. */
+    /**
+     * Points the decoder (current or future) at a render surface. A pending
+     * offer (accepted while no surface existed) configures its decoder now.
+     */
     fun attachSurface(surface: Surface) {
-        currentSurface = surface
+        var configuredFromPending = false
-        synchronized(decoderLock) { decoder?.attachSurface(surface) }
+        synchronized(decoderLock) {
+            currentSurface = surface
+            decoder?.attachSurface(surface)
+            val offer = pendingOffer
+            if (offer != null) {
+                val created = configureDecoderLocked(offer.width, offer.height)
+                if (created != null) {
+                    pendingOffer = null
+                    decoder = created
+                    configuredFromPending = true
+                } else {
+                    // Keep the offer: the next attachSurface retries the
+                    // configure instead of abandoning the session.
+                    onStatus("Could not start the decoder")
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (configuredFromPending) {
+            // The sender is already streaming P-frames; the late-configured
+            // decoder needs a keyframe (SPS/PPS + IDR) to start producing
+            // output — the sender only emits one when asked.
+            requestPli()
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Forgets a destroyed render surface so a later offer cannot configure against it. */
+    fun detachSurface() {
+        synchronized(decoderLock) {
+            currentSurface = null
+            decoder?.detachSurface()
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates and configures a decoder for the stream size; caller holds
+     * [decoderLock]. Returns null on failure with the codec released.
+     */
+    private fun configureDecoderLocked(width: Int, height: Int): H264Decoder? {
+        val fresh = H264Decoder()
+        try {
+            // Surface first: configure() needs it before the codec starts.
+            currentSurface?.let { fresh.attachSurface(it) }
+            fresh.configure(width, height)
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            fresh.release()
+            return null
+        }
+        return fresh
     }
 
     /** Stops listening; the pipeline can be started again. */
@@ -142,6 +192,7 @@ class ReceiverPipeline(
         synchronized(decoderLock) {
             decoder?.release()
             decoder = null
+            pendingOffer = null
         }
         firstFrameSeen.set(false)
         onStatus("Stopped")
@@ -154,23 +205,23 @@ class ReceiverPipeline(
         }
         // The offer's width/height are informational (the C++ sender leaves
         // them 0); the bitstream carries SPS/PPS at every keyframe.
-        val fresh = H264Decoder()
+        var decoderReady = true
-        val surface = currentSurface
-        var ok = true
         synchronized(decoderLock) {
+            pendingOffer = null
             decoder?.release()
-            try {
+            decoder = null
-                // Surface first: configure() needs it before the codec starts.
+            if (currentSurface != null) {
-                surface?.let { fresh.attachSurface(it) }
+                decoder = configureDecoderLocked(offer.width, offer.height)
-                fresh.configure(offer.width, offer.height)
+                decoderReady = decoder != null
-                decoder = fresh
+            } else {
-            } catch (e: Exception) {
+                // No surface yet (the window is between surfaces): remember
-                ok = false
+                // the offer; attachSurface configures the decoder. Configuring
-                decoder = null
+                // without a surface is not an option — that codec could never
+                // take one afterwards (setOutputSurface refuses it).
+                pendingOffer = offer
             }
         }
-        if (!ok) {
+        if (!decoderReady) {
-            fresh.release()
             onStatus("Could not start the decoder")
             return
         }
@@ -193,7 +244,10 @@ class ReceiverPipeline(
                 displayHeight = displayHeight,
             ),
         )
-        onStatus("Session ${offer.sessionId} negotiated — waiting for the first frame…")
+        onStatus(
+            if (decoder != null) "Session ${offer.sessionId} negotiated — waiting for the first frame…"
+            else "Session ${offer.sessionId} negotiated — waiting for the display surface…"
+        )
     }
 
     private fun readLoop() {
@@ -224,19 +278,28 @@ class ReceiverPipeline(
 
         val accessUnit = result.accessUnit
         if (accessUnit != null) {
-            val activeDecoder = synchronized(decoderLock) { decoder }
+            val presentationUs = packet.header.timestamp.toLong() and 0xFFFFFFFFL
-            if (activeDecoder == null) return
             try {
-                val presentationUs = packet.header.timestamp.toLong() and 0xFFFFFFFFL
+                // MediaCodec is not thread-safe: attachSurface() (main
-                activeDecoder.feed(accessUnit, presentationUs, result.isKeyFrame)
+                // thread) and onOffer (signaling thread) synchronize on the
-                activeDecoder.drain()
+                // same lock around their codec calls.
-                if (firstFrameSeen.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
+                synchronized(decoderLock) {
-                    onFirstFrame()
+                    val activeDecoder = decoder ?: return
+                    if (!activeDecoder.feed(accessUnit, presentationUs, result.isKeyFrame)) {
+                        // Input queue full: the dropped frame corrupts the
+                        // GOP until the next keyframe — ask for one. No
+                        // flush; the codec is healthy, merely busy.
+                        requestPli()
+                    }
+                    activeDecoder.drain()
+                    if (firstFrameSeen.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
+                        onFirstFrame()
+                    }
+                    updateVideoSize()
                 }
-                updateVideoSize()
             } catch (e: Exception) {
                 onStatus("Decoder error (${e.message}) — requesting a keyframe…")
-                activeDecoder.flush()
+                synchronized(decoderLock) { decoder?.flush() }
                 requestPli()
             }
         }
@@ -247,7 +310,7 @@ class ReceiverPipeline(
 
     private fun updateVideoSize() {
         val size = synchronized(decoderLock) { decoder?.outputSize() } ?: return
-        if (size != null && (size.first != videoWidth || size.second != videoHeight)) {
+        if (size.first != videoWidth || size.second != videoHeight) {
             videoWidth = size.first
             videoHeight = size.second
             android.util.Log.i(TAG, "video size: ${size.first}x${size.second}")
@@ -255,15 +318,18 @@ class ReceiverPipeline(
         }
     }
 
-    // Rate-limited keyframe request (single-threaded access from the reader).
+    // Rate-limited keyframe request, callable from any thread (the reader
+    // thread and the main thread's attachSurface both reach it).
     private fun requestPli() {
         val session = activeSession
         if (session.isEmpty()) return
         val now = System.currentTimeMillis()
-        if (now - lastPliAtMs < PLI_MIN_INTERVAL_MS) return
+        synchronized(pliLock) {
-        lastPliAtMs = now
+            if (now - lastPliAtMs < PLI_MIN_INTERVAL_MS) return
+            lastPliAtMs = now
+        }
         android.util.Log.i(TAG, "PLI requested for session $session")
-        signaling?.send(screen_cast.signaling.SessionPli(session))
+        signaling?.send(SessionPli(session))
     }
 
     private fun advertiseNsd(port: Int) {
@@ -272,70 +338,38 @@ class ReceiverPipeline(
             setServiceType(SERVICE_TYPE)
             setPort(port)
         }
-        nsdInfo = info
+        // The classic RegistrationListener API exists from API 16 through 36
-        // The NSD registration API was replaced in API 36 (ResolutionListener
+        // (verified against the android-36 SDK with javap), so no fallback is
-        // removed). Try the new API first, then the legacy one via reflection
+        // needed — the previously reflected "ResolutionListener" never
-        // so the same build works on both.
+        // existed at any API level and could only ever fail.
-        try {
+        val listener = object : NsdManager.RegistrationListener {
-            val listener = object : NsdManager.RegistrationListener {
+            override fun onServiceRegistered(serviceInfo: NsdServiceInfo) {
-                override fun onServiceRegistered(serviceInfo: NsdServiceInfo) {
+                // Registered: the sender's mDNS browser should see it now.
-                    // Registered: the sender's mDNS browser should see it now.
-                }
-
-                override fun onServiceUnregistered(serviceInfo: NsdServiceInfo) = Unit
-
-                override fun onRegistrationFailed(serviceInfo: NsdServiceInfo, errorCode: Int) {
-                    onStatus("mDNS registration failed — reach this receiver with --peer $localIp:$port")
-                }
-
-                override fun onUnregistrationFailed(serviceInfo: NsdServiceInfo, errorCode: Int) = Unit
             }
-            registrationListener = listener
-            nsdManager.registerService(info, 0, listener)
-        } catch (e: Throwable) {
-            try {
-                registerNsdLegacy(info, port)
-            } catch (e2: Throwable) {
-                onStatus("mDNS unavailable (${e2.message}) — reach this receiver with --peer $localIp:$port")
-            }
-        }
-    }
 
-    /** Pre-API-36 registration API (removed from the API 36 SDK; reflection). */
+            override fun onServiceUnregistered(serviceInfo: NsdServiceInfo) = Unit
-    private fun registerNsdLegacy(info: NsdServiceInfo, port: Int) {
+
-        val listenerClass = Class.forName("android.net.nsd.NsdManager\$ResolutionListener")
+            override fun onRegistrationFailed(serviceInfo: NsdServiceInfo, errorCode: Int) {
-        val proxy = Proxy.newProxyInstance(
-            listenerClass.classLoader,
-            arrayOf(listenerClass),
-        ) { _, method, _ ->
-            if (method.name == "onResolutionFailed") {
                 onStatus("mDNS registration failed — reach this receiver with --peer $localIp:$port")
             }
-            null
+
+            override fun onUnregistrationFailed(serviceInfo: NsdServiceInfo, errorCode: Int) = Unit
+        }
+        try {
+            nsdManager.registerService(info, 0, listener)
+            registrationListener = listener
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            onStatus("mDNS unavailable (${e.message}) — reach this receiver with --peer $localIp:$port")
         }
-        legacyNsdListener = proxy
-        NsdManager::class.java
-            .getMethod("registerService", NsdServiceInfo::class.java, Int::class.javaPrimitiveType, listenerClass)
-            .invoke(nsdManager, info, 0, proxy)
     }
 
     private fun unregisterNsd() {
-        val newListener = registrationListener
+        val listener = registrationListener ?: return
-        val legacyListener = legacyNsdListener
-        val info = nsdInfo
         try {
-            when {
+            nsdManager.unregisterService(listener)
-                newListener != null -> nsdManager.unregisterService(newListener)
+        } catch (ignored: Exception) {
-                legacyListener != null && info != null -> NsdManager::class.java
-                    .getMethod("unregisterService", NsdServiceInfo::class.java)
-                    .invoke(nsdManager, info)
-                else -> return
-            }
-        } catch (ignored: Throwable) {
             // already unregistered
         }
         registrationListener = null
-        legacyNsdListener = null
-        nsdInfo = null
     }
 }

android/app/src/main/kotlin/screen_cast/rtp/H264Depacketizer.kt

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 package screen_cast.rtp
 
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream
+
 /** Result of feeding one packet to the depacketizer. */
 data class DepacketizeResult(
     /** Completed access unit (Annex-B with 3-byte start codes) when the frame closed undamaged. */
@@ -26,9 +28,11 @@ class H264Depacketizer {
     private var frameStarted = false
     private var frameDamaged = false
     private var frameTimestamp = 0
-    private val accessUnit = ArrayList<Int>()
+    // Growable byte accumulators: keyframes reach hundreds of KB, and boxing
+    // each byte (the ArrayList<Int> this replaced) churned the GC hard.
+    private val accessUnit = ByteArrayOutputStream()
     private var fuActive = false
-    private val fuNal = ArrayList<Int>()
+    private val fuNal = ByteArrayOutputStream()
 
     /** Feed one packet (in sequence order, from the jitter buffer). */
     fun depacketize(packet: RtpPacket): DepacketizeResult {
@@ -39,7 +43,7 @@ class H264Depacketizer {
             val expected = (last + 1) and 0xFFFF
             if (packet.header.sequenceNumber != expected) {
                 fuActive = false
-                fuNal.clear()
+                fuNal.reset()
                 if (frameStarted) {
                     frameDamaged = true
                 }
@@ -57,7 +61,7 @@ class H264Depacketizer {
             frameStarted = true
             frameDamaged = false
             frameTimestamp = packet.header.timestamp
-            accessUnit.clear()
+            accessUnit.reset()
         }
 
         val payload = packet.payload
@@ -70,10 +74,10 @@ class H264Depacketizer {
                         // The previous fragmented NAL never received its end packet.
                         frameDamaged = true
                         fuActive = false
-                        fuNal.clear()
+                        fuNal.reset()
                     }
                     appendStartCode()
-                    payload.forEach { accessUnit.add(it.toInt() and 0xFF) }
+                    accessUnit.write(payload)
                 }
 
                 type == FU_A -> {
@@ -91,11 +95,11 @@ class H264Depacketizer {
                                     frameDamaged = true
                                 }
                                 fuActive = true
-                                fuNal.clear()
+                                fuNal.reset()
                                 // The FU indicator keeps the original NAL's F bit (0) and NRI,
                                 // and declares type 28; the FU header carries S/E plus the real type.
-                                fuNal.add((payload[0].toInt() and 0xE0) or (fuHeader and 0x1F))
+                                fuNal.write((payload[0].toInt() and 0xE0) or (fuHeader and 0x1F))
-                                fragment.forEach { fuNal.add(it.toInt() and 0xFF) }
+                                fuNal.write(fragment)
                             }
 
                             !fuActive -> {
@@ -104,12 +108,12 @@ class H264Depacketizer {
                             }
 
                             else -> {
-                                fragment.forEach { fuNal.add(it.toInt() and 0xFF) }
+                                fuNal.write(fragment)
                                 if (end) {
                                     appendStartCode()
-                                    accessUnit.addAll(fuNal)
+                                    fuNal.writeTo(accessUnit)
                                     fuActive = false
-                                    fuNal.clear()
+                                    fuNal.reset()
                                 }
                             }
                         }
@@ -132,11 +136,11 @@ class H264Depacketizer {
             // The marker arrived while a NAL was still fragmented.
             frameDamaged = true
             fuActive = false
-            fuNal.clear()
+            fuNal.reset()
         }
 
-        if (!frameDamaged && accessUnit.isNotEmpty()) {
+        if (!frameDamaged && accessUnit.size() > 0) {
-            val unit = ByteArray(accessUnit.size) { accessUnit[it].toByte() }
+            val unit = accessUnit.toByteArray()
             result = result.copy(accessUnit = unit, isKeyFrame = containsParameterSets(unit))
         } else {
             // The frame that just ended is unusable.
@@ -147,9 +151,9 @@ class H264Depacketizer {
     }
 
     private fun appendStartCode() {
-        accessUnit.add(0)
+        accessUnit.write(0)
-        accessUnit.add(0)
+        accessUnit.write(0)
-        accessUnit.add(1)
+        accessUnit.write(1)
     }
 
     /** The sender repeats SPS/PPS in-band at every keyframe; sniff for NAL types 7/8. */
@@ -168,8 +172,8 @@ class H264Depacketizer {
     private fun dropFrame() {
         frameStarted = false
         frameDamaged = false
-        accessUnit.clear()
+        accessUnit.reset()
         fuActive = false
-        fuNal.clear()
+        fuNal.reset()
     }
 }

android/app/src/main/kotlin/screen_cast/signaling/SignalingServer.kt

@@ -34,12 +34,29 @@ class SignalingServer(
         return server.localPort
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Sends to the current peer; never throws. A lost control message (a
+     * PLI, an answer) is recoverable — the session re-negotiates or the next
+     * keyframe arrives — but an exception here would kill the RTP reader
+     * thread, which reaches send() from requestPli(). Mirrors the C++ server,
+     * which ignores write failures.
+     */
     fun send(message: SignalingMessage) {
-        val bytes = SignalingMessage.serialize(message).toByteArray(Charsets.UTF_8)
+        val bytes = try {
+            SignalingMessage.serialize(message).toByteArray(Charsets.UTF_8)
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            return // unreachable for our message types; serialize is total
+        }
         synchronized(peerLock) {
-            peerOut?.let { out ->
+            val out = peerOut ?: return
+            try {
                 out.write(bytes)
                 out.flush()
+            } catch (e: Exception) {
+                // The peer is gone (e.g. the sender died while media still
+                // flows). Dropping peerOut also closes the socket; the next
+                // accepted offer installs a fresh one.
+                peerOut = null
             }
         }
     }

docs/RUNBOOK.md

@@ -243,16 +243,20 @@ Platform quirks found while validating (Android 16 / API 36):
 - `DatagramSocket.localPort` gives the bound port; `.port` is -1 for
   unconnected datagram sockets, and `.localAddress` is an `InetAddress`
   (Inet6Address on Android), not an `InetSocketAddress`.
-- `MediaCodec`: pass the output Surface to `configure()` (`setOutputSurface`
+- `MediaCodec`: pass the output Surface to `configure()` — the codec must
-  is illegal after configure); call `start()`; render with
+  start in surface mode (`setOutputSurface` afterwards only switches an
-  `releaseOutputBuffer(index, render=true)`; the C2 AVC decoder requires a
+  already-surface-mode codec to a new surface; a codec configured without
-  concrete width/height at configure (use a placeholder — the in-band SPS
+  a surface can never take one, per the API docs); call `start()`; render
-  reconfigures it).
+  with `releaseOutputBuffer(index, render=true)`; the C2 AVC decoder
+  requires a concrete width/height at configure (use a placeholder — the
+  in-band SPS reconfigures it).
 - `MediaFormat.format()` / `KEY_MIME_TYPE` are not in the API-36 public
   surface.
-- NSD: API 36 replaced `ResolutionListener` registration with
+- NSD: the classic `registerService(info, flags, RegistrationListener)`
-  `registerService(info, flags, RegistrationListener)`; the app falls back
+  API exists from API 16 through 36 (verified with javap on the android-36
-  to reflection on older devices.
+  SDK jar) — no fallback is needed. A reflection fallback targeting a
+  pre-36 "ResolutionListener" was removed: that class never existed at
+  any API level, so the fallback could only ever fail.
 - The C2 decoder scales its output to the Surface (`android._video-scaling`)
   — letterbox by **sizing the TextureView to the video aspect** (centered
   on a black window background), not with a transform matrix (double scale).